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A classic example of reverberation artifact occurs in the normal lung at the pleural surface, called A-lines ( Figures 6.1 and 6.2 ). Reverberation artifact occurs at tissue interfaces with large differences in acoustic impedance. If there is no difference in acoustic impedance between two different tissues, there will be no reflection of sound waves, but if there is a significant difference in acoustic impedance, there will be reflection of a large proportion of sound waves back to the transducer. The amount of sound waves reflected at a tissue interface is directly proportional to the difference in acoustic impedance between two adjacent tissues. This measure of resistance to passage of ultrasound waves through a material or tissue is called acoustic impedance. Tissue interfaces where there is a large difference in speed of sound between the two tissues are highly reflective.
ARTIFACT MEANING IN BENGALI SERIES
Reverberation artifact at the pleural surface produces a series of horizontal lines called A-lines. This chapter reviews some of the most common artifacts encountered in point-of-care ultrasound.
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Most artifacts can be categorized into one of four categories based on the underlying mechanism: artifacts of wave propagation, beam characteristics, velocity errors, and attenuation. The speed of sound is constant in all types of human tissue (1540 m/s), and the attenuation, or decrease in energy, of ultrasound echoes is uniform.Īrtifacts frequently provide insight into tissue makeup and are diagnostic for certain pathologies, such as gallstones and pulmonary edema. Ultrasound waves always travel in a straight path and return after only one reflection. Ultrasound echoes returning to the transducer originate from a uniform, single ultrasound beam.
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Barring malfunctioning equipment, artifacts originate from erroneous ultrasound signaling that occurs in biologic tissues due to violation of one or more of the following assumptions: Providers should have a basic understanding of the physical principles of ultrasound artifacts to improve acquisition and interpretation of ultrasound images at the bedside. Artifacts are false images, or parts of images, that do not represent true anatomic structures.